Learn more. This web page shows only a small excerpt of our lake research. Lakes can be classified in different ways, according to their geological origin, to their trophic state (see Trophic Lake Classification in the Encyclopedia), which is according to the biological status, according to the thermal regime (see Thermal Regime of Lakes and Stratification in Lakes), which is related to the climate, or according to the hydrological conditions relating to the character of the in- and outflows … This model had a lower AICc than all single variable models (i.e., lake area, latitude, state, longitude and ecoregion), regardless of whether minimum AICc or BIC stopping rules were implemented in the stepwise regressions. 1. All waterbodies included in the NLA were permanent freshwater lakes, reservoirs or ponds with a surface area >4 ha and a maximum depth ≥1 m (Peck et al., 2013). Lakes with a larger surface area are more imposing and impressive to a human standing on their beaches, and perhaps more likely to be named Lake Name than Name Lake. In particular, 100% of the lakes in the Southern Florida Coastal Plain were called Lake Names (Fig. Unlike France and Spain, where Lake Name (Lac Nom or Lago Nombre, respectively), is always used due to linguistic convention, there was much more variability in lake nomenclature in Great Britain and Ireland. A state‐by‐state analysis showed similar patterns, but may be influenced by small sample sizes in certain states. Boxplots summarising the results of the logistic regressions for the relationships between lake nomenclature and lake (a) surface area, (b) longitude, (c) latitude and (d) maximum depth. The most Lake families were found in the USA in 1880. Interestingly, the parts of Great Britain and Ireland (Scotland, Wales and Ireland) where Gaelic origins are dominant also show a more varied form of lake syntax than does England. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers and Alan Steinman for useful comments on an earlier version of this article. 2c), and eastward (χ2 = 5.66, P = 0.02; Fig. The simplest classification is based on the dimension o f a lake. To test our hypothesis on settlement origin in North America, we also examined a list of 1722 Canadian lakes obtained from Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Canada) using click‐throughs to provincial sites (accessed 13 September 2015). Whether a lake is small, big or v ery large. Classification suggests that For example, the NLA dataset includes only a small subset of the U.S.'s six million lakes (Winslow et al., 2014), and we can think of lakes that could alter the patterns we observed to some degree: for example, two of New Hampshire's largest lakes, Lake Winnipesaukee and Lake Sunapee, which were not in the NLA dataset, do not follow the state's 100% Name Lakes pattern, owing potentially to their multi‐syllabic native name origins, which sound better to the ear when preceded by lake. d) Nature of Inflow-outflow. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Biological Sciences and Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), University of Quebec at Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. As such, the Laurentian Great Lakes (Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario and Superior) serve as classic examples, although they were not included in our analyses. Note that the naming convention of ‘lake’ did not necessarily indicate that a waterbody was naturally formed, as some of the ‘lakes’ were defined in the NLA as having been of man‐made origin. This appears to be partially related to lake size in these regions, as in the U.S.A., but also to the use of Lake Name in Gaelic and their related European languages. For all the U.K. lakes, we used the same criteria as for the U.S. lakes: i.e., waterbodies had to be >4 ha in size, with ponds and reservoirs excluded. Lake Classification Fact Sheet Series For years NR 115 (the rule that governs shoreline zoning) has been going through a public process for revision. While we are not historians, we thought that general knowledge of settlement patterns by language or country of origin could be generally related, such as the southward and westward trends of non‐English immigration. 1, A Referenced Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes – Preliminary Investigations, The Backcountry Towns of Colonial Virginia, The development of a GIS‐based inventory of standing waters in Great Britain together with a risk‐based prioritization protocol, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Survey design and extent estimates for the National Lakes Assessment, History of South Dakota: Fourth Edition, Revised, Lake shoreline in the contiguous United States: quantity, distribution and sensitivity to observation resolution. Also, as we suspected, lake depth did not play a role in lake naming. States using exclusively Name Lake were Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and West Virginia (Fig. Similarly, the differences in lake density among states may have influenced the interpretation of their nomenclature (e.g., Connecticut), but likely still provide insight to general lake naming patterns across the U.S.A. We focused here on generalised patterns across the continental U.S.A. because each lake has a unique history and naming story, which likely influenced its nomenclature. 2b), contrary to our expectations, although Name Lakes were more common overall. 15 The simplest classification is the dimension of a lake. When ice sheets moved over flat rock surface with weakened areas of fissures, the rock could splinter and loosen to form the basin of “glac… Lake area was a significant predictor of a lake's name: as lakes increased in size, the likelihood of being called Lake Name significantly increased (predicted logit = −1.55(±0.10) + 0.29(±0.05) × ln (lake area); Χ2 = 43.06, P < 0.0001; Fig. We thank the Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL) at UQAM for financing CCC's trip to Montréal to give a seminar, making the discussion possible. lake morphology . It is a place to store every type of data in its native format with no fixed limits on account size or file. Integrating these hypotheses, the following prediction emerged: there should be an interaction of settler origin and lake size with westward and southward lakes in the U.S.A. being more likely to show a Lake Name nomenclature, especially with increasing size (surface area, but not depth). 1963 Cabernet planted by Max Lake’s family and friends. It eases errors corrections in a data analytics process from origin to destination. Lake – Classification of Lakes Lakes are among the most varied features of the earth’s surface. Maryland, the heaviest user of Lake Names, was originally mapped by the 16th century Spanish Ajacán Mission, also serving as a refuge for some French‐speaking Acadians exiled from Canada in the 1750s (Griffiths, 1992), and for some religious refugees of the French Revolution. Importance of lake origin - hydrology (inputs,outputs) - basin shape - chemistry, inc. nutrients - age . About 100 lakes throughout the State have been monitored at this level by the USGS since mid-1980. There were significant differences in naming convention among provinces (likelihood ratio test, χ2 = 439.84, P < 0.0001), which was largely driven by French‐speaking Québec, where 89% of the lakes had a Lake Name. However, there are several other less visible lake characteristics that are just as significant, yet rarely discussed: namely the shape and structure of a lake basin. Freshwater lakesMost of the lakes in the world are freshwater lakes. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: What Is in a “Lake” Name? They are usually found in low lying areas and are fed from streams, rivers and runoff from the surrounding area. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. However, our hope was that the NLA's randomised, stratified design across lake size classes, ecoregions, and states would provide a fair representation of major patterns. We conclude that there is evidence for lakes to have a Lake Name syntax in English when they have a larger surface area, or when they occur in a region where the Gaelic forms of English, as well as the Romance Languages, have had a significant influence. Examining naming patterns by EPA ecoregion and by state revealed that Lake Names were more common in the southern states and along the eastern seaboard, regardless of their surface area. Such terms do not appear to have not carried over to the naming of U.S. lakes, at least as can be inferred from the NLA waterbodies. Second, we conducted both backward and forward stepwise regression to assess all possible predictor combinations using stopping rules of minimum AICc or BIC (Bayesian information criterion), and the best model was again selected based on the lowest AICc. If you are uncertain about the classification of a lake or river and the dimensional standards that apply, contact your local planning and zoning office. Next in line are Recreational Development lakes such as Chippewa and Lobster. Our final dataset consisted of 814 waterbodies named lakes. Early History of the lake family. Before excluding them, we noted that 100% of all ponds and reservoirs in the NLA had the naming convention of Name Pond or Name Reservoir. 1) to assess whether there were regional differences in lake nomenclature. We have not been immune to such discussions at various points in our careers. Inclusion of these lakes would, thus, have reduced the apparent strict nomenclature concluded for New Hampshire based on colonisation, and instead follow the lake size pattern we also observed. Lake Baikal Seal 1973 Len Evans, Australian Complete Book of Wine: "its influence and the quality of wine it … We developed a series of hypotheses that could be narrowed down to one overarching one: nomenclature of U.S. lakes reflects an interaction of settlement history and origin and lake size. The common notion is "basin.". "body of water surrounded by land and filling a depression or basin," early 12c., from Old French lack (12c., Modern French lac) and directly from Latin lacus "pond, pool, lake," also "basin, tank, reservoir" (related to lacuna "hole, pit"), from PIE *laku- "body of water, lake, sea" (source also of Greek lakkos "pit, tank, pond," Old Church Slavonic loky "pool, puddle, cistern," Old Irish loch "lake, pond"). In contrast, when Name Lake is used, terms for Lake include Broad, Flash, Mere, Mor, Pool, Tarn and Water. 2a). To assess the nomenclature of U.S. lakes, we started with the full NLA dataset for 1157 lakes. Aggregated together, Scotland, Ireland and Wales had up to an order of magnitude more Lake Names than Name Lakes (Table 2). These states were largely settled by English colonists, and the lake naming convention likely followed the standards observed in their country of origin. Our analysis suggests that colonisation influence based on the historical immigration patterns of different linguistic groups likely played a role in lake naming patterns, which is a similar finding to what was observed in a study of the nomenclature of Midwestern U.S. streams (Raup, 1957). The continental lake nomenclature relationships exhibited significant differences among ecoregions (Fig. Differences in state sizes and number of lakes per state likely account for some this variation. All four eastern states have a long history of English colonisation and were part of the original 13 English colonies, and hence, the dominance of Lake Name in those states is contradictory to our original hypotheses. This classification recognizes 11 major lake types that are divided into 76 subtypes. In Douglas County there are three lake classifications. Proportion of lakes in an ecoregion with Lake Name (white) or Name Lake (grey). "body of water surrounded by land and filling a depression or basin," early 12c., from Old French lack (12c., Modern French lac) and directly from Latin lacus "pond, pool, lake," also "basin, tank, reservoir" (related to lacuna "hole, pit"), from PIE *laku- "body of water, lake, sea" (source also of Greek lakkos "pit, tank, pond," Old Church Slavonic loky "pool, puddle, cistern," Old Irish loch "lake, pond"). Particularly in temperate zones, such conditions favour a plentiful oxygen content, and the lake is said to be oligotrophic. Icag, territory or district. Of a list of 814 lakes with this binary nomenclature, almost 20% had a Lake Name, with the other 80% being a Name Lake. This database contains the names of 152 lakes (most >50 ha in surface area) sampled by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (Free et al., 2007) as part of the creation of a reference‐based typology and ecological assessment system. Great Lakes of North America, Lake Baikal in Russia, Lake Wular and Loktak Lake in India. Glacial lakes are common in North America as in other regions formerly traversed by the many glaciers of the last ice age. The Great Rift Valley in Africa harbors, from north to south, a chain of lakes like Albert, Edward, Tanganyika and Malawi. The grinding weight and pressure of encroaching and retreating ice sheets carved many depressions in the Earth’s surface, where melting ice then collected to form lakes. Across Great Britain and Ireland, all lakes >1435 ha were Lake Name, regardless of which country the lakes were located. Of our final dataset of 814 NLA ‘lakes’, 158 (19%) had a Lake Name and the remaining 656 (81%) had a Name Lake (Fig. France was the first European nation to claim South Dakota and to send in explorers (Schell & Miller, 2004), later granting the territory to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the same treaty that ceded Louisiana (Francis, 2006). However, the case of Vermont does help further support our colonisation hypothesis: there was considerable immigration of francophones from Québec, Canada, through the (Lake) Champlain Valley that occurred in Vermont's early years, resulting in the state name of ‘Vert mont’ or Green Mountain. Regardless of lake origin, we observed the same significant relationship between lake area and lake nomenclature. We observed substantial variation in lake naming patterns among major European source countries for U.S. settlement. 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